Two-stage request protocol for accessing remote memory data in a NUMA data processing system

ABSTRACT

A non-uniform memory access (NUMA) computer system includes a remote node coupled by a node interconnect to a home node having a home system memory. The remote node includes a local interconnect, a processing unit and at least one cache coupled to the local interconnect, and a node controller coupled between the local interconnect and the node interconnect. The processing unit first issues, on the local interconnect, a read-type request targeting data resident in the home system memory with a flag in the read-type request set to a first state to indicate only local servicing of the read-type request. In response to inability to service the read-type request locally in the remote node, the processing unit reissues the read-type request with the flag set to a second state to instruct the node controller to transmit the read-type request to the home node. The node controller, which includes a plurality of queues, preferably does not queue the read-type request until receipt of the reissued read-type request with the flag set to the second state.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is related to the following co-pendingapplications, which are filed of even date herewith, assigned to theassignee of the present applications and incorporated herein byreference.

(1) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/885,992;

(2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/885,990;

(3) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/885,994;

(4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/886,000;

(5) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/885,991;

(6) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/885,998;

(7) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/885,999;

(8) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/886,004;

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Technical Field

The present invention relates in general to data processing systems and,in particular, to non-uniform memory access (NUMA) and othermultiprocessor data processing systems having improved queuing,communication and/or storage efficiency.

2. Description of the Related Art

It is well-known in the computer arts that greater computer systemperformance can be achieved by harnessing the processing power ofmultiple individual processors in tandem. Multi-processor (MP) computersystems can be designed with a number of different topologies, of whichvarious ones may be better suited for particular applications dependingupon the performance requirements and software environment of eachapplication. One common MP computer topology is a symmetricmulti-processor (SMP) configuration in which each of multiple processorsshares a common pool of resources, such as a system memory andinput/output (I/O) subsystem, which are typically coupled to a sharedsystem interconnect. Such computer systems are said to be symmetricbecause all processors in an SMP computer system ideally have the sameaccess latency with respect to data stored in the shared system memory.

Although SMP computer systems permit the use of relatively simpleinter-processor communication and data sharing methodologies, SMPcomputer systems have limited scalability. In other words, whileperformance of a typical SMP computer system can generally be expectedto improve with scale (i.e., with the addition of more processors),inherent bus, memory, and input/output (I/O) bandwidth limitationsprevent significant advantage from being obtained by scaling a SMPbeyond a implementation-dependent size at which the utilization of theseshared resources is optimized. Thus, the SMP topology itself suffers toa certain extent from bandwidth limitations, especially at the systemmemory, as the system scale increases. SMP computer systems are also noteasily expandable. For example, a user typically cannot purchase an SMPcomputer system having two or four processors, and later, whenprocessing demands increase, expand the system to eight or sixteenprocessors.

As a result, an MP computer system topology known as non-uniform memoryaccess (NUMA) has emerged to addresses the limitations to thescalability and expandability of SMP computer systems. As illustrated inFIG. 1, a conventional NUMA computer system 8 includes a number of nodes10 connected by a switch 12. Each node 10, which can be implemented asan SMP system, includes a local interconnect 11 to which number ofprocessing units 14 are coupled. Processing units 14 each contain acentral processing unit (CPU) 16 and associated cache hierarchy 18. Atthe lowest level of the volatile memory hierarchy, nodes 10 furthercontain a system memory 22, which may be centralized within each node 10or distributed among processing units 14 as shown. CPUs 16 access memory22 through a memory controller 20.

Each node 10 further includes a respective node controller 24, whichmaintains data coherency and facilitates the communication of requestsand responses between nodes 10 via switch 12. Each node controller 24has an associated local memory directory (LMD) 26 that identifies thedata from local system memory 22 that are cached in other nodes 10, aremote memory cache (RMC) 28 that temporarily caches data retrieved fromremote system memories, and a remote memory directory (RMD) 30 providinga directory of the contents of RMC 28.

The present invention recognizes that, while the conventional NUMAarchitecture illustrated in FIG. 1 can provide improved scalability andexpandability over conventional SMP architectures, the conventional NUMAarchitecture is subject to a number of drawbacks. First, communicationbetween nodes is subject to much higher latency (e.g., five to ten timeshigher latency) than communication over local interconnects 11, meaningthat any reduction in inter-node communication will tend to improveperformance. Consequently, it is desirable to implement a large remotememory cache 28 to limit the number of data access requests that must becommunicated between nodes 10. However, the conventional implementationof RMC 28 in static random access memory (SRAM) is expensive and limitsthe size of RMC 28 for practical implementations. As a result, each nodeis capable of caching only a limited amount of data from other nodes,thus necessitating frequent high latency inter-node data requests.

A second drawback of conventional NUMA computer systems related tointer-node communication latency is the delay in servicing requestscaused by unnecessary inter-node coherency communication. For example,prior art NUMA computer systems such as that illustrated in FIG. 1typically allow remote nodes to silently deallocate unmodified cachelines. In other words, caches in the remote nodes can deallocate sharedor invalid cache lines retrieved from another node without notifying thehome node's local memory directory at the node from which the cache linewas “checked out.” Thus, the home node's local memory directorymaintains only an imprecise indication of which remote nodes hold cachelines from the associated system memory. As a result, when a storerequest is received at a node, the node must broadcast a Flush (i.e.,invalidate) operation to all other nodes indicated in the home node'slocal memory directory as holding the target cache line regardless ofwhether or not the other nodes still cache a copy of the target cacheline. In some operating scenarios, unnecessary flush operations candelay servicing store requests, which adversely impacts systemperformance.

Third, conventional NUMA computer systems, such as NUMA computer system8, tend to implement deep queues within the various node controllers,memory controllers, and cache controllers distributed throughout thesystem to allow for the long latencies to which inter-node communicationis subject. Although the implementation of each individual queue isinexpensive, the deep queues implemented throughout conventional NUMAcomputer systems represent a significant component of overall systemcost. The present invention therefore recognizes that it wouldadvantageous to reduce the pendency of operations in the queues of NUMAcomputer systems and otherwise improve queue utilization so that queuedepth, and thus system cost, can be reduced.

In view of the foregoing and additional drawbacks to conventional NUMAcomputer systems, the present invention recognizes that it would beuseful and desirable to provide a NUMA architecture having improvedqueuing, storage and/or communication efficiency.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention overcomes the foregoing and additionalshortcomings in the prior art by providing a non-uniform memory access(NUMA) computer system and associated method of operation that improvenode controller queue utilization by implementing a reissue protocol forrequests for remote data.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, aNUMA computer system includes a remote node coupled by a nodeinterconnect to a home node having a home system memory. The remote nodeincludes a local interconnect, a processing unit and at least one cachecoupled to the local interconnect, and a node controller coupled betweenthe local interconnect and the node interconnect. The processing unitfirst issues, on the local interconnect, a read-type request targetingdata resident in the home system memory with a flag in the read-typerequest set to a first state to indicate only local servicing of theread-type request. In response to inability to service the read-typerequest locally in the remote node, the processing unit reissues theread-type request with the flag set to a second state to instruct thenode controller to transmit the read-type request to the home node. Thenode controller, which includes a plurality of queues, preferably doesnot queue the read-type request until receipt of the reissued read-typerequest with the flag set to the second state.

The above as well as additional objects, features, and advantages of thepresent invention will become apparent in the following detailed writtendescription.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are setforth in the appended claims. The invention itself however, as well as apreferred mode of use, further objects and advantages thereof, will bestbe understood by reference to the following detailed description of anillustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a NUMA computer system in accordance withthe prior art;

FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a NUMA computer system inaccordance with the present invention, which has a remote memory cache(RMC) incorporated within a system memory;

FIG. 2B depicts an exemplary embodiment of a NUMA computer system inaccordance with the present invention, which has a remote memory cache(RMC) and associated remote memory directory (RMD) incorporated within asystem memory;

FIG. 3 is a more detailed block diagram of a memory controller withinthe NUMA computer system of FIG. 2A or 2B;

FIG. 4 is a more detailed block diagram of a lower level cache in theNUMA computer system of FIG. 2A or 2B;

FIG. 5 is a high level logical flowchart of an exemplary method ofissuing read-type requests that request data from another node of a NUMAcomputer system in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary read-type request in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 7 is a high level logical flowchart of an exemplary method ofdeallocating a victim cache line in a shared coherency state from aremote node in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a high level logical flowchart of an exemplary method ofdeallocating a victim cache line in a modified coherency state from aremote node of a NUMA computer system in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary castout write operation that may beemployed in the method of FIG. 8;

FIGS. 10A and 10B are high level logical flowcharts that together depictthe use of a Flush query to request deallocation of cache lines held inremote nodes of a NUMA computer system in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 11 is a high level logical flowchart of an exemplary method ofperforming a flush operation in a remote node of a NUMA computer systemutilizing decentralized coherency management in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 12 is a time-space diagram illustrating the use of a Numafy commandto convey responsibility for global coherency management of a targetcache line of a read-type operation;

FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary directory entry of a local memorydirectory (LMD) in the NUMA computer system of FIG. 2A or 2B;

FIG. 14 is a state diagram depicting an exemplary method by which asystem memory controller of a NUMA computer system updates a remotenode's history information within the local memory directory (LMD) inresponse to a read-type request; and

FIGS. 15A-15C together illustrate an exemplary method by which a systemmemory controller of a NUMA computer system controls prefetching of dataand instructions in accordance with a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENT

System Overview

With reference again to the figures and in particular with reference toFIG. 2A, there is depicted an exemplary embodiment of a NUMA computersystem 50 in accordance with the present invention. The depictedembodiment can be realized, for example, as a workstation, server, ormainframe computer. Although the present invention is principallydescribed below with reference to NUMA computer system 50, those skilledin the art will appreciate that many of the features of the presentinvention are also applicable to other computer system architectures,including SMP architectures.

As illustrated, NUMA computer system 50 includes two or more nodes 52coupled by a node interconnect 55, which, as shown, may be implementedas a switch. Although not required by the present invention, in theillustrated embodiment each of nodes 52 is substantially identical, witheach node including one or more processing units 54 coupled to a localinterconnect 58 and a node controller 56 coupled between localinterconnect 58 and node interconnect 55. Each node controller 56 servesas a local agent for other nodes 52 by transmitting selected operationsreceived on local interconnect 58 to other nodes 52 via nodeinterconnect 55 and by transmitting selected operations received vianode interconnect 55 on local interconnect 58.

Processing units 54 include a CPU 60 having registers, instruction flowlogic and execution units utilized to execute software instructions.Each processing unit 54 further includes a cache hierarchy 62 includingone or more levels of on-chip cache utilized to stage data to theassociated CPU 60 from data storage throughout NUMA computer system 50.A suitable cache architecture that maybe employed within cachehierarchies 62 is described below with reference to FIG. 4. In addition,processing units 54 each have an interface unit 65 that handles thecommunication of addresses, data and coherency operations betweenprocessing unit 54 and local interconnect 58 and, as discussed furtherbelow, includes response logic 63 that determines a combined response toan operation issued on local interconnect 58 from the various snoopresponses to the operation. Finally, processing units 54 each contain amemory controller 64 that controls access to an associated one of thephysical system memories 66 distributed among processing units 54. Inalternative embodiments of the present invention, system memory, if any,in each node maybe implemented as a single system memory controlled byan associated memory controller coupled to local interconnect 58.

In the present specification, “system memory” is defined as a physicaldata storage device addressed utilizing unique addresses that (absent anerror condition) are permanently associated with respective storagelocations in the physical data storage device. The node 52 that stores adatum at a storage location in its system memory 66 associated with anaddress utilized to uniquely identify the datum throughout NUMA computersystem 50 is defined to be the home node for that datum; conversely,others of nodes 52 are defined to be remote nodes with respect to thedatum.

As depicted in FIG. 2A and also in FIG. 3, to support data sharingbetween nodes 52, memory controllers 64 employ a local memory directory(LMD) 72 and a remote memory cache (RMC) 70 having an associated remotememory directory (RMD) 74. As utilized herein, a local memory directory(LMD) is defined as a directory that, for data resident in an associatedsystem memory, stores an indication regarding whether the data arecached in one or more remote nodes. Conversely, a remote memorydirectory (RMD) is defined as a directory that indicates which data fromsystem memory in other node(s) are cached in the associated remotememory cache (RMC). For convenience, the circuitry of a memorycontroller 64 that controls access to home node data within anassociated system memory 66 is referred to herein as a system memorycontroller 71, and the circuitry of a memory controller 64 that controlsaccess to RMC 70 is referred to as a RMC controller 73.

Of course, NUMA computer system 50 can further include additionaldevices that are not necessary for an understanding of the presentinvention and are accordingly omitted in order to avoid obscuring thepresent invention. For example, any of nodes 52 may also support I/O andnetwork adapters, non-volatile storage for storing an operating systemand application software, and serial and parallel ports for connectionto networks or attached devices.

Memory Organization

Performance of NUMA computer system 50 is influenced, among otherthings, by data access latencies. Because the access latency forintra-node data requests is typically much less than that for inter-nodedata requests, system performance is generally improved if each node 52containing a processing unit 54 is equipped with a large data storagecapacity, thus minimizing inter-node data requests. For example, in anexemplary embodiment in which NUMA computer system 50 includes fournodes that each contain four processing units 54 and four systemmemories 66, each of the four system memories 66 may have a capacity of8 gigabytes (GB) or more, giving a total system memory storage capacityof 128 GB or more. Because of the large capacity of system memory, costconsiderations would generally dictate the implementation of systemmemories 66 in a storage technology having low per-byte cost, such asdynamic random access memory (DRAM).

In accordance with the present invention, the storage capacity of systemmemories 66 may be partitioned (e.g., by the operating system of NUMAcomputer system 50) into one or more address spaces. In the embodimentshown in FIG. 2A, each system memory 66 includes a system memory addressspace 68 that is allocated by the operating system of NUMA computersystem 50 to various operating system and application processes forstorage of instructions and data. In addition, at least one systemmemory 66 in each node 52 containing a processor unit 54 contains a RMC70 for storing data corresponding to that residing in the systemmemories 66 of one or more other nodes 52. Thus, in lieu of implementinga single stand-alone remote memory cache 28 as shown in FIG. 1, thepresent invention incorporates remote memory cache for each node 52within one and possibly multiple system memories 66. In embodiments inwhich RMC 70 is distributed among multiple system memories 66, the cachelines, which are accessible to at least any CPU 60 in the same node 52,are preferably mapped to particular RMCs 70 by hashing the physical orlogical addresses associated with the cache lines.

Because the remote memory cache is implemented in low cost DRAM ratherthan expensive SRAM, the per-byte cost of RMC 70 is dramatically reducedas compared with the prior art, meaning that its size can be greatlyincreased with little or no additional cost. In addition, bydistributing the remote memory cache among multiple system memories inthe same node, significant bandwidth improvement is achieved over theprior art by distributing access control across multiple memorycontrollers 64 rather than a single node controller.

It should be noted that in some embodiments of the present invention,the operating system may choose to allocate some or all of the physicalsystem memory in one or more nodes to the remote memory cache and noneof physical system memory to system memory address space. In suchembodiments, the system memory address space may be localized in one ormore nodes implemented, for example, as disk memory drawers in a racksystem, while the physical system memory in other nodes containingprocessing units is allocated as remote memory cache.

As noted above, each memory controller 64 associated with a systemmemory 66 allocated to hold at least a portion of RMC 70 is providedwith a RMD 74 in which the memory controller 64 records the contents ofits associated portion of RMC 70. As with conventional cachedirectories, RMD 74 preferably stores not only address informationrelated to the data in RMC 70, but also coherency information,replacement information, and optionally additional state information(e.g., inclusivity).

To support rapid access by memory controller 64 to RMD 74, RMD 74 may beimplemented in high speed SRAM as depicted in FIG. 2A. Thisimplementation advantageously reduces access latency by promoting rapiddirectory lookups in response to requests. However, as with RMC 70, useof SRAM for RMD 74 is expensive and limits the size of RMD 74 (and henceRMC 70) for practical systems. Two different approaches may be employedto address such concerns.

First, if RMD 74 is implemented in SRAM (or other high cost storagetechnology), RMD 74 can implement large sectors (i.e., associate largedata blocks with each set of tag and state information) so that use ofthe SRAM storage capacity is optimized. A second approach, exemplifiedby NUMA computer system 50′ of FIG. 2B, is to incorporate RMD 74 intosystem memory 66 together with RMC 70. In this manner, the cost ofimplementing RMD 74 can be greatly reduced, or the size of RMD 74 andRMC 70 can be greatly increased without additional cost. Although theincorporation of RMD 74 within the DRAMs of system memory 66 can lead toslower directory access times, this additional directory access latencycan be mitigated by equipping RMC controller 73 with a small directorycache 75 containing recently accessed (and therefore likely to beaccessed) directory entries, as shown in FIG. 3.

The amount of system memory 66 allocated to RMD 74 and/or RMC 70 by theoperating system of NUMA computer system 50 is an important performanceconsideration since allocating larger RMCs 70 and RMDs 74 necessarilyreduces system memory address space 68. In a preferred embodiment, theproportion of system memory 66 allocated to RMC 70 and RMD 74 versussystem memory address space 68 can be varied dynamically depending onthe needs of the application to be run. For example, if the operatingsystem detects that an application will only need to access the memorywithin the node 52 in which the application is to be run, the operatingsystem can allocate RMC 70 (and its associated RMD 74) a fairly smallspace compared with system memory address space 68. Conversely, if theoperating system detects that an application will require substantialaccess to remote memory, the operating system may allocate a largerportion of the system memory to RMC 70 (and its associated RMD 74).

RMCs 70 (and RMDs 74) can be populated according to at least twoalternative methods. First, RMCs 70 can be implemented as inclusive (orpseudo-inclusive) caches that collectively store a superset of the datafrom other nodes held in the local cache hierarchies 62. In thisembodiment, cache lines are loaded into the RMCs 70 of a node 52 whenrequested cache lines are received from other nodes 52. Alternatively,RMCs 70 can be implemented as “victim caches” that only hold cache linesof remote data in a shared or modified coherency state that have beendeallocated from local cache hierarchies 62.

Memory Coherency

Because data stored within each system memory 66 can generally berequested, accessed, and modified by any CPU 60 within NUMA computersystem 50, NUMA computer system 50 (or 50′) implements one or morecompatible cache coherency protocols to maintain coherency (i.e., acoherent view of the aggregate contents of system memory address space68) between cache hierarchies 62 and RMC 70 in nodes 52. Thus, NUMAcomputer system 50 is properly classified as a CC-NUMA computer system.The cache coherence protocol is implementation-dependent and maycomprise, for example, the well-known Modified, Exclusive, Shared,Invalid (MESI) protocol or a variant thereof. As will be understood bythose skilled in the art, the coherency protocol(s) utilized by cachehierarchies 62 necessitate the transmission of variousimplementation-dependent messages across local interconnect 58 and nodeinterconnect 55 to inform cache hierarchies 62 of operations performedby CPUs 60, to obtain needed data and instructions, to writebackmodified data to system memories 66, and to perform other functionsneeded to maintain coherency.

To maintain coherency between nodes, system memory controllers 71 storeindications within LMD 72 of the system memory addresses of data (i.e.,cache lines) checked out to remote nodes 52 from the associated systemmemory address space 68. In low-end implementations in which maintaininga compact directory is important, LMD 72 may have associated with eachdata granule only an imprecise indication of whether the data granule is“checked out” to at least one remote node 52. Alternatively, in high-endimplementations, LMD 72 preferably stores, in association with each datagranule, an indication of the coherency state of the cache line at eachremote node 52. Per-node coherency states contained in entries of LMD 72according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention includethose summarized in Table I.

TABLE I Coherence Possible Possible directory state(s) in state(s) instate local cache remote cache Meaning Modified (M) I M, E, or I Cacheline may be modified at a remote node with respect to system memory athome node Shared (S) S or I S or I Cache line may be heldnon-exclusively at remote node Invalid (I) M, E, S, or I I Cache line isnot held by any remote node

As indicated in Table I, even in high-end implementations, the knowledgeof the coherency states of cache lines held by remote processing nodescan be specified with some degree of imprecision. As discussed belowwith respect to FIGS. 7 and 8, the degree of imprecision depends uponwhether the implementation of the coherency protocol permits a cacheline held remotely to make a transition from S to I, from E to I, orfrom E to M without notifying the LMD 72 at the home node.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, LMD 72 isimplemented in high speed SRAM, as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. It shouldbe noted, however, that LMD 72 could alternatively be incorporatedwithin system memory 66 together with RMC 70 and/or RMD 74. However,there is less motivation for incorporating LMD 72 into system memory 66because doing so does not decrease average remote memory access latencyby facilitating a larger RMC 70 and RMD 74. Moreover, incorporating LMD72 into system memory 66 would nearly double access time to systemmemory 66 because one access time would be required to lookup LMD 72 anda second equivalent access time would be required to obtain therequested data from system memory address space 68.

Cache Organization

Referring now to FIG. 4, there is illustrated a block diagram of anexemplary lower level cache 132 that may be implemented within cachehierarchies 62. Other higher level caches within cache hierarchies 62may be similarly constructed.

As shown, cache 132 includes data storage 130, a cache directory 140 anda cache controller 156. Data storage 130 is preferably implemented as aset associative array organized as a number of congruence classes eachcontaining a plurality of cache lines. Cache directory 140, whichrecords the contents of data storage 130 and associated stateinformation, includes a number of sets 142 that each correspond to acongruence class within data storage 130. Each set 142 contains a numberof directory entries 144 for storing the address tag and coherency stateof a corresponding cache line within the congruence class of datastorage 130 with which the set 142 is associated.

Cache directory 140 has associated LRU logic 150, which stores anindication of how recently each entry within each congruence class ofdata storage 130 has been accessed. Thus, the indication within LRUlogic 150 associated with each congruence class indicates the leastrecently accessed member, the second least recently accessed member, thethird least recently accessed member, and so on.

During operation, cache 132 receives request addresses associated withcache operation requests from both its associated CPU 60 (perhaps via ahigher level cache) and from local interconnect 58. The requestaddresses include high order tag bits, middle order index bits, and loworder offset bits. As illustrated in FIG. 4, index bits of each requestaddress received by cache 132 are input into both cache directory 140and LRU logic 150. In response to receipt of the index bits, LRU logic150 outputs a decoded CASTOUT_VICTIM signal 152, which indicates amember of the selected congruence class that may possibly be replaced inresponse to the cache operation request. CASTOUT_VICTIM signal 152 isinput into both cache controller 156 and a multiplexer 154.

The index bits of the request address select a set 142 within cachedirectory 140. The tag (T) stored within each entry 144 of the selectedset 142 is then individually compared with the tag bits of the requestaddress utilizing comparators 146, which each produce a 1-bit matchindication. The bits output by comparators 146 together form a decodedHIT/MISS signal 148, which is input into cache controller 156,multiplexer 154, and OR gate 153. OR gate 153 logically combinesHIT/MISS signal 148 to produce a select signal that selects HIT/MISSsignal 148 as the output of multiplexer 154 in response to a hit andselects CASTOUT_VICTIM signal 152 as the output of multiplexer 154 inresponse to a miss. The output of multiplexer 154 forms a decoded SELECTsignal 155.

In parallel with the comparison of the tag bits by comparators 146, thecoherency state (CS) and tag (T) stored within each of the entries ofthe selected set 142 are input into multiplexer 147. SELECT signal 155then selects as the output of multiplexer 147 the coherency state andtag associated with the matching member, if the request address hit incache directory 140, or the coherency state and tag associated with theLRU member, if the request address missed in cache directory 140. Theselected coherency state and tag 149 are then input into cachecontroller 156.

In response to receipt of the cache operation request, HIT/MISS signal148, coherency state and tag 149, and CASTOUT_VICTIM signal 152, cachecontroller 156 queues the request within one of its request queues 134and performs appropriate data handling and directory update operations.For example, in response to a read-type request by the associated CPU 60missing in cache directory 140, cache controller 156 places a requestfor the cache line containing the request address on local interconnect58, supplies the requested data to the associated CPU 60 upon receipt ofthe requested data from a local cache hierarchy 62, local system memory68 or other node 52, and stores the requested cache line in thecongruence class member specified by CASTOUT_VICTIM signal 152.Alternatively, in response to a read request by the associated CPU 60hitting in cache directory 140, cache controller 156 reads the requesteddata out of data storage 130 and supplies the data to the associated CPU60. Whenever servicing a cache operation request requires access to orreplacement of a cache line, cache controller 156 generates anLRU_UPDATE signal 158 that is utilized by LRU logic 150 to update theLRU indication associated with the accessed congruence class. Asdiscussed below, cache controller 156 similarly performs cache updateand data handling operations in response to snooping operations on localinterconnect 58 by reference to snoop queues 135.

Remote Read-Type Operations

With reference now to FIG. 5, there is illustrated a high level logicalflowchart of a method of servicing a CPU load or store request inaccordance with the present invention. The process illustrated in FIG. 5begins at block 100 and then proceeds to block 101, which illustrates alowest level cache 132 in one of nodes 52 of NUMA computer system 50 (or50′) receiving from the associated CPU 60 a request for data orinstructions (hereafter simply referred to as data). Receipt of therequest at the lowest level cache 132 indicates that the request missedin the higher level cache(s) of cache hierarchy 62.

As discussed above, in response to receipt of the request, lowest levelcache 132 determines if the request hits in lowest level cache 132, asshown at block 102. If so, cache controller 156 services the request bysupplying CPU 60 the requested data, as depicted at block 103, and theprocess terminates at block 118. If, however, a determination is made atblock that the request missed in lowest level cache 132, cachecontroller 156 of lowest level cache 132 issues on its localinterconnect 58 a read-type request (e.g., a READ for a load request ora read-with-intent-to-modify (RWITM) for a store request) targeting therequested data, as shown at block 104.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the read-type request inaccordance with the present invention. As shown, the read-type requestincludes conventional fields such as source and destination tag fields119 and 120, address and parity fields 121 and 122, and a transactiondescriptor field 124 indicating the size and type of the operation(e.g., READ or RWITM). In addition, the read-type request may include aprefetch field 128 described below with respect to FIGS. 15A-15C.Furthermore, in accordance with the present invention, the read-typerequest includes a node controller queue (NCQ) flag 126 indicatingwhether or not the read-type request should be enqueued in one of thequeues 57 of the local node controller 56. According to the presentinvention, the pendency of operations within queues 57 of nodecontroller 56 is reduced by first issuing the read-type request (e.g.,as shown at block 104) with NCQ field 126 set to 0 to instruct nodecontroller 56 not to queue the read-type request.

Returning to FIG. 5, the process proceeds from block 104 to block 106,which depicts other local cache hierarchies 62, memory controllers 64,and node controller 56 all snooping the read-type request and providingappropriate snoop responses. The possible snoop responses preferablyinclude those listed below in Table II.

TABLE II Snoop response Meaning Retry Source of request must reissuerequest Modified intervention Line is modified in cache and will besourced from cache to requestor Shared intervention Line is unmodifiedin cache (and possibly shared) and will be sourced from cache torequestor Remote address Home node for line is another node (nodecontroller only) Shared Line is held shared in cache Null Line isinvalid in cache

Importantly, although the local node controller 56 provides a “Remoteaddress” snoop response to read-type requests for data having anothernode as the home node, node controller 56 does not immediately queuesuch read-type requests in one of its queues 57 for transmission to theremote node because NCQ field 126 of the read-type request is set to 0.

As shown at block 108, response logic 63 in the interface unit 65 thatissued the read-type request combines all of the snoop responses toproduce a combined response indicating how the request will be serviced(e.g., by indicating the highest priority snoop response). Interfaceunit 65 supplies this combined response to each snooper on localinterconnect 58, including the requesting cache hierarchy 62. If thecombined response indicates that the request address hit in a localcache hierarchy 62 or RMC 70 that can serve as a source for therequested data, the process proceeds from block 108 to block 110, whichillustrates the read-type request being serviced by the local cachehierarchy 62 or RMC 70. Thereafter, the process terminates at block 118.

Returning to block 108, if the combined response to the read-typerequest is a “Remote address” combined response indicating that no localcache hierarchy 62 or RMC 70 can serve as a source for the requesteddata, the cache controller 156 of the lowest level cache 132 in therequesting cache hierarchy 62 reissues the read-type request on localinterconnect 58 with NCQ flag 126 set to 1, as shown at block 112. Asbefore, each of the snoopers provides a snoop response to the read-typerequest, and interface unit 65 provides a combined response. However, asillustrated at block 114, when the read-type request is again snooped bynode controller 56, node controller 56 queues the request in one of itsqueues 57 for transmission to the home node 52 of the request addressbecause NCQ field 126 is set to 1. After queuing the read-type request,node controller 56 forwards the read-type request to the home node 52for servicing without waiting for the second combined response. (Nodecontroller 56 need not wait to received the combined response becauseNCQ field 126 already indicates that node controller 56 must handleservicing the read-type request.) As depicted at block 116, the homenode 52 services the request by supplying the requested data via nodeinterconnect 55 to node controller 56, which in turn supplies therequested data to the requesting cache hierarchy 62 (and RMC 70, ifimplemented as an inclusive cache) via local interconnect 58.Thereafter, the process terminates at block 118.

The process illustrated in FIG. 5 advantageously permits the depth ofqueues 57 in node controller 56 to be much less than that of queues 32in prior art node controller 24 of FIG. 1. The reason for thispermissible reduction in queue depth is that the number of read-typerequests that are queued and the queuing duration is greatly decreased.

In prior art NUMA computer system 8 of FIG. 1, node controller 24enqueues within queues 32 each snooped read-type request for remote datain the event that the local combined response will subsequently indicatethat the read-type request must be serviced by another node 10. Thus,node controller 24 needlessly queues a number of read-type requests thatthe combined response later indicates can be serviced locally (e.g.,from RMC 28). Moreover, node controller 24 queues read-type requestsfrom the time the request address is snooped to the time the combinedresponse is received, which may take 80 cycles or more. During this longinterval, queues 32 in prior art node controller 24 are required tomaintain global coherency of all inbound and outbound operations inqueues 32 by snooping operations on local interconnect 11 and nodeinterconnect 12 against queues 32. Consequently, queues 32 must be verydeep.

In contrast, according to the method of FIG. 5, node controller 56 onlyqueues read-type requests that must be sent to other nodes 52 forservicing. In addition, read-type requests that are queued within queues57 are only queued for the interval between receipt of the reissuedread-type request having NCQ field 126 set to 1 and the transmission ofthe read-type request on node interconnect 55. Thus, the depth of queues57 is not dependent upon the address-to-combined response latency.

Of course, this advantageous reduction in queue depth comes at theexpense of adding an additional address-to-combined response latency tothe servicing of read-type requests that must be transmitted betweennodes 52. However, given the large amount of RMC 70, such requests arerare. In addition, the latency associated with servicing requests thatmust be forwarded to the home node is typically so large that incurringan additional address-to-combined response latency in the remote nodedoes not significantly impact performance.

Finally, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the method ofFIG. 5 is not limited to NUMA computer systems. Instead, the presentinvention is generally applicable to SMP computer systems havinghierarchical interconnect architectures and other computer systems inwhich the communication latency between snoopers is not uniform.

Cache Line Deallocation

When a cache line is requested and received from another node 52 asillustrated at blocks 114 and 116 of FIG. 5, a cache line must bedeallocated from the requesting cache hierarchy 62 and/or RMC 70 toaccommodate the new cache line. In contrast to the prior art NUMAcomputer system described above, in which remote nodes always silentlydeallocate unmodified cache lines, a NUMA computer system in accordancewith the present invention preferably implements a deallocate operationthat permits a remote node to notify a home node when the remote nodedeallocates a cache line checked out from the home node. Thus, thepresent invention enables LMDs 72 to contain more precise informationregarding data from the associated system memory address space 68 thatare held at remote nodes 52.

Referring now to FIGS. 7 and 8, there are illustrated high level logicalflowcharts depicting the deallocation of a cache line from a RMC 70 inaccordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention in whichRMC 70 is implemented as a “victim cache” that stores remote datadeallocated from local cache hierarchies 62. Those skilled in the artwill appreciate, however, that the depicted deallocation process is alsoapplicable to embodiments in which RMC 70 is inclusive of the remotedata held in local cache hierarchies 62.

Referring first to FIG. 7, the process begins at block 170 andthereafter proceeds to block 172, which illustrates the RMC controller73 of a memory controller 64 that controls a RMC 70 selecting a victimcache line for deallocation, for example, based upon which cache line isleast recently used (LRU), most recently used (MRU), a random selection,or other victim selection criteria. As illustrated at block 174, RMCcontroller 73 then deallocates the victim cache line in accordance withits coherency state, which is recorded in RMD 74. If RMD 74 indicatesthat the coherency state of the victim cache line is invalid, the victimcache line can simply be overwritten with the requested data withoutproviding any notification to the home node 52. Accordingly, the processpasses directly from block 174 to block 190 and terminates.

If, on the other hand, RMD 74 indicates that the selected victim cacheline is modified with respect to corresponding data resident in thesystem memory address space 68 at the home node 52, memory controller 64initiates a deallocation process for modified data, which is illustratedat block 176 and described in detail below with reference to FIG. 8.Finally, if RMD 74 indicates that the victim cache line is in a sharedcoherency state (i.e., may also be cached locally in a cache hierarchy62 and, if so, is not modified with respect to system memory 66 at thehome node 52), then memory controller 64 may notify the memorycontroller 64 in the home node associated with the system memory 66containing a copy of the deallocated cache line, even though suchnotification is not strictly necessary for maintaining coherency.

As shown at block 178, memory controller 64 begins the process ofdeallocating a shared victim cache line from remote memory cache 70 byissuing an address-only deallocate operation on local interconnect 58.In response to snooping the address-only deallocate operation, nodecontroller 56 enqueues the operation, and local cache hierarchies 62 andother snoopers provide a snoop response to the deallocate operationindicative of the coherency state of the victim cache line with respectto that cache hierarchy 62 (typically a shared or invalid state), asshown at block 180. These snoop responses are combined by response logicin the interface unit 65 that issued the deallocate operation to producea combined response, which is then provided to all of the snooperscoupled to local interconnect 58. As shown at block 182, if the combinedresponse indicates that one or more of the local cache hierarchies 62store the victim cache line in a shared state, the process terminates atblock 190, indicating that the victim cache line is deallocated from RMC70 without notifying the home node 52. No notification is provided tothe home node 52 since no update to the home node's LMD 72 is necessary.

However, if the combined response indicates that the victim cache lineis not cached locally in a shared state (i.e., the combined response isNull), the local node controller 56 transmits the queued address-onlydeallocate operation to the node controller 56 of the home node 52, asillustrated at block 184, and dequeues the deallocate operation. Thenode controller 56 at home node 52 then issues the address-onlydeallocate operation on its local interconnect 58. As depicted at block186, the memory controller 64 responsible for the address of the victimcache line updates the entry corresponding to the victim cache line inLMD 72, which is in the Shared state, to the Invalid state to indicatethat the victim cache line is no longer cached at that particular remotenode 52. Thereafter, the process illustrated in FIG. 7 terminates atblock 190.

With reference now to FIG. 8, there is illustrated an exemplary methodof deallocating a modified cache line from a RMC 70 in accordance withthe present invention. In the depicted embodiment, it is assumed thatthe coherency protocol implemented by cache hierarchies 62 and RMCs 70is a variant of the well-known MESI protocol that includes a Tagged (T)coherency state. As described in U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/024,393, which is assigned to the assignee of the present inventionand incorporated herein by reference, the Tagged (T) coherency stateindicates that (1) a cache line is modified with respect to systemmemory (2) that cache line may be held in multiple caches associatedwith different processing units, and (3) that the cache holding thecache line in T state is currently responsible for writing back thecache line to system memory.

The process illustrated in FIG. 8 begins at block 200 following adetermination that a victim cache line in RMC 70 selected fordeallocation is a modified cache line, as illustrated at blocks 172-174of FIG. 7. The process next proceeds to block 202, which depicts the RMCcontroller 73 associated with the RMC 70 issuing a castout writeoperation on local interconnect 58.

As depicted in FIG. 9, an exemplary castout WRITE operation 240 inaccordance with the present invention may include conventional fieldssuch as source and destination tag fields 241 and 242, address andaddress parity fields 243 and 244, and a transaction descriptor field246 indicating that size and type of the operation. In addition, asdiscussed further below, the castout write operation includes a shared(S) flag 248 that can be set to indicate whether or not the castoutwrite operation received a shared snoop response when issued on a localinterconnect 58. Finally, the castout write operation includes a datafield 250 containing the modified victim cache line and an associateddata parity field 252.

As depicted at block 204, in response to snooping the castout writeoperation, each of the snoopers coupled to local interconnect 58provides a snoop response that, for cache hierarchies 62, is indicativeof the coherency state of the victim cache line at each snooper. Inaddition, node controller 56 enqueues the castout write in queues 57. Asdiscussed above, response logic 63 within the interface unit 65associated with the memory controller 64 that issued the castout writeoperation combines the snoop responses to produce a combined response,which is provided to all of the snoopers. If the combined response is aRetry combined response, the process returns to block 202, which hasbeen described. However, if the combined response is other than Retry,node controller 56 sets shared flag 248 in the queued castout writeoperation in accordance with the combined response. Thus, if, as shownat block 208, the combined response is Shared, indicating that one ofcache hierarchies 62 holds a copy of the modified victim cache line aspermitted by the Tagged (T) coherency state, node controller 56 setsshared flag 248 to 1. If, on the other hand, no local cache hierarchy 62holds a valid copy of the victim cache line, node controller 56 receivesa Null combined response and accordingly sets shared flag 248 to 0 atblock 210.

Node controller 56 thereafter dequeues the castout write operation andtransmits it to the home node 52 of the victim cache line, asillustrated at block 212. Following receipt of the castout writeoperation at the home node 52, the node controller 56 at the home node52 issues the castout write operation on the local interconnect 58 ofthe home node 52. In response to the castout write operation, the memorycontroller 64 responsible for the victim cache line address updatessystem memory address space 68 with the castout data, as shown at block213. In addition, the memory controller 64 updates the associatedcoherency state for the remote node 52 in LMD 72 in accordance with thestate of shared flag 248. Thus, as illustrated at block 218, if sharedflag 248 is set to 1, memory controller 64 sets the coherency state forthe victim cache line at the remote node 52 that issued the castout toShared. Alternatively, as depicted at block 216, memory controller 64updates the coherency state of the victim cache line at the remote node52 to Invalid if shared flag 248 is set to 0. Thereafter, thedeallocation process illustrated in FIG. 8 ends at block 220.

Thus, by implementing either or both of the deallocation processesillustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8, the likelihood that the memory controller64 at the home node 52 will send needless invalidating operations toremote nodes 52 (e.g., in response to RWITM requests) is greatlydecreased. As a result, average performance of store operations to cachelines that are sometimes shared between multiple nodes 52 is improved.It should also be noted that the address-only deallocate operationillustrated in FIG. 7 can be implemented as a weak (i.e., imprecise)operation. For example, if the memory controller 64 that originates theaddress-only deallocate operation receives more than a predeterminednumber of Retry snoop responses, the memory controller 64 candiscontinue retrying the deallocate operation. In this manner,performance will not suffer under dynamic conditions (e.g., a cachedirectory being busy) that result in Retry combined responses.

Local Memory Directory Maintenance

In some implementations of the present invention, it may be desirable toimplement an alternative or additional method of deallocating remotelyheld cache lines in addition to the methods illustrated in FIG. 7 and 8.In particular, if the deallocation methods of FIGS. 7 and 8 are notimplemented and/or RMCs 70 are very large, a cache line may be held in aremote node (or at least be indicated in the LMD 72 of the home node asbeing held in the remote node) long after the remote node has ceased torequire access to the cache line. Consequently, the present inventionrecognizes that it would be desirable to implement some mechanism thatreduces the frequency that exclusive operations (e.g., RWITM requests)are delayed by the invalidation of data held in remote nodes by issuingnon-demand flush operations to the remote nodes.

In accordance with the a preferred embodiment of the present inventionand as shown in FIG. 3, the mechanism is implemented as directory“scrubbing” logic (SL) 61 within the system memory controllers 71 ofmemory controllers 64. Directory scrubbing logic (SL) 61 periodicallyreads each entry in the associated LMD 72, and if the entry shows that aparticular cache line is “checked out” to one or more remote nodes 52,the system memory controller 71 issues a “weak” address-only Flush queryto the remote node(s).

The Flush query is termed “weak” because a remote node 52 receiving aFlush query does not have to honor it. Under normal conditions, when theFlush query is snooped by a cache hierarchy 62 in a remote node 52holding a copy of the data, the cache hierarchy 62 invalidates theaddressed line in the cache and, if the cache line is modified, writesback the cache line data to the home node 52. However, if the data arestill being actively used in the remote node 52 or the cache hierarchy'ssnoop queues are all busy, the Flush query may be ignored.

Referring now to FIG. 10A, there is illustrated a high level logicalflowchart of an exemplary method of operation of directory scrubbinglogic 61 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the presentinvention. As illustrated, the process begins at block 260 and proceedsto block 262, which illustrates directory scrubbing logic 61 resetting acount-down counter with a selected count value that determines thefrequency at which directory entries in LMD 72 are scrubbed. As will beappreciated, the initial value of the counter may be determined byhardware or may be software programmable. Next, a determination is madeat block 264 whether or not the count maintained by the counter is equalto zero. If not, the counter is decremented at block 266, and theprocess returns to block 264.

When a determination is made at block 264 that the counter has counteddown to zero, the process proceeds to block 268, which illustratessystem memory controller 71 reading a directory entry in LMD 72indicated by a directory entry pointer. If the directory entry in LMD 72indicates that the associated data are not held in any remote node 52(e.g., by an Invalid state in LMD 72), then the process passes directlyto block 274, which is described below. However, if the directory entryread from LMD 72 indicates that at least one remote node 52 may hold acopy of the associated data, the process proceeds from block 270 toblock 272. Block 272 depicts system memory controller 71 issuing anaddress-only Flush query on its local interconnect 58. The Flush queryis snooped by the local node controller 56 and transmitted by nodecontroller 56 either to each remote node 52 specified in the Flush queryor to all remote nodes 52, depending upon the amount of informationcontained in the entries of LMD 72. Following block 272, system memorycontroller 71 increments the directory entry pointer to point to thenext entry in LMD 70. Thereafter, the process returns to block 262, andrepeats.

With reference now to FIG. 10B, there is depicted a high level logicalflowchart of an exemplary method by which a RMC controller 73 at aremote node 52 handles an address-only Flush query issued from the homenode 52 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the presentinvention. The process begins at block 300 and thereafter proceeds toblock 302, where the process iterates until a memory controller 64snoops an address-only Flush query. In response to snooping anaddress-only Flush query, the process proceeds to block 304, whichillustrates the memory controller 64 reading the directory entryidentified by the address in the Flush query from its RMD 74. Based uponthe coherency state indicated in the directory entry, memory controller64 determines whether RMC 70 holds valid data associated with the Flushquery address. If not, the process returns to block 302, which has beendescribed.

Returning to block 306, in response to a determination that thedirectory entry in RMD 74 indicates that RMC 70 holds a valid cache lineassociated with the Flush query address, the memory controller 64 nextdetermines, as represented by blocks 308 and 310, whether or not todeallocate the cache line. This determination can be based on, forexample, whether the cache line is in active use in the remote node 52and/or memory controller 64 has any available snoop queues and/or otherfactors. In embodiments of the present invention in which RMC 70 isimplemented as inclusive of the remote data held by local cachehierarchies 62, memory controller 64 can determine whether the indicatedcache line is still in active use by determining whether any of theinclusivity bits in the directory entry read from RMD 74 are set. Ifmemory controller 64 determines not to deallocate the cache lineidentified in the flush query (e.g., because the cache line is still inuse and/or no snoop queue is available), the identified cache line isnot deallocated, and the process simply returns to block 302, which hasbeen described.

If, on the other hand, the memory controller 64 in the remote node 52determines that the cache line will be deallocated, the process passesto blocks 312-316, which illustrate a cache line deallocation process.According to the illustrated deallocation process, memory controller 64deallocates non-modified cache lines simply by updating the directoryentry in RMD 74; no notification is provided to the home node 52.Modified cache lines, by contrast, are invalidated in RMD 74 and alsowritten back to the home node 52 in a conventional manner. Of course,those skilled in the art will appreciate that the deallocation methodsshown in FIGS. 7 and 8 could alternatively be implemented in lieu of thedeallocation process illustrated at blocks 312-316. Following the cacheline deallocation process, the process shown in FIG. 10B returns toblock 302.

The LMD scrubbing process illustrated in FIGS. 10A and 10B providesbenefits to both low-end and high-end NUMA computer systems. In low-endNUMA computer systems in which cost is a central concern, it isadvantageous if LMDs remain relatively small. Therefore, the specificnode ID(s) of the node(s) that cache remote copies of a cache line aregenerally not maintained in the LMD. As a result, when a memorycontroller at the home node is required to force the invalidation of acache line (and if the cache line is modified, to force writeback of thedata to the home node) in response to a request for exclusive access tothe cache line, the memory controller must broadcast a Flush command toall other nodes since the memory controller has no record of whichnode(s) have actually accessed the cache line. The directory scrubbingmethod represented by FIGS. 10A and 10B improves performance of low-endsystems by reducing the occasions when a demand Flush command must bebroadcast while a new requestor is waiting for data. Although low-endimplementations of the present invention may still need to broadcastFlush queries to all nodes, such broadcasts tend to be performed wellbefore exclusive access is requested by a subsequent requester.

In high-end NUMA computer systems having very large RMCs, the benefitsobtained by using Flush queries to deallocate unneeded remotely heldcache lines are attributable more to the management of the RMCs. Becausehigh-end systems generally have very large RMCs, cache lines that are nolonger required by processing units in a particular node may remain inthe node's RMC for a very long time, and in some cases, may never getdeallocated. In such cases, excepting the present invention, the onlyway a cache line is forced out of the cache is for the home node toissue a demand Flush command in response to a request for exclusiveaccess to the line. Thus, the present invention “weakly” forces remotenodes to invalidate their copies of a cache line currently being trackedin the LMD so that when the home node receives a new access request forthe cache line, there is a higher likelihood that the cache line can besourced immediately from the system memory without the associated memorycontroller first having to issue a demand Flush command to one or moreremote nodes.

It should also be noted that in some implementations of the presentinvention, the Flush query may also be snooped and acted upon by cachecontrollers 156 of cache hierarchies 62. However, because the presenceof the target cache line of the Flush query within a cache hierarchy 62may indicate that the data may subsequently be accessed, the benefit ofobserving Flush queries diminishes the higher up in the cache hierarchy62 the target cache line is held. Thus, for example, it may be advisableto comply with a Flush query if the target cache line is only held in anL3 cache, but ignore the Flush query if the target cache line (orportions thereof) are held in the associated L2 or L1 caches.

Decentralized Global Coherency Management

As noted above, the present invention advantageously reduces the numberof queues 57 required in node controllers 56 by decreasing the amount oftime that read-type operations that require servicing at another node 52are queued by node controllers 56. The present invention further reducesthe number of address, data and command queues 57 required in nodecontroller 56 by removing responsibility for global coherency managementfrom node controller 56.

In prior art systems such as NUMA computer system 8 of FIG. 1, when aFlush command is received on node interconnect 12, node controller 24 isresponsible for ensuring that the Flush command is successfullycompleted in its node 10. Node controller 24 must therefore hold theFlush command in one of its queues 32 from the time the Flush command isreceived via node interconnect 12 until all local cache hierarchies 18and RMC 28 have invalidated their copies, if any, of the target cacheline and have written modified data, if any, back to the home node. Aswill be appreciated, this process may take 2500 cycles or more, giventhe latency of communication over node interconnect 12. Thus, despitethe fact that prior art node controllers 24 are typically equipped withdeep queues 32, queues 32 can still become a performance bottleneck ifcoherency traffic is substantial. To address this performancebottleneck, a preferred embodiment of the present invention implementsdecentralized coherency management utilizing RMC controllers 73.

Referring now to FIG. 11, there is depicted a high level logicalflowchart of a preferred method by which a Flush command is handledutilizing decentralized coherency management in accordance with thepresent invention. In this depicted embodiment, it is assumed that theRMCs 70 within each node 52 are collectively inclusive of all of thedata from other nodes 52 cached within the local cache hierarchies 62.

As shown, the process shown in FIG. 11 begins at block 260 andthereafter proceeds to block 262, which illustrates a node controller 56at a remote node 52 receiving a Flush command specifying a flush addressof a cache line to be invalidated in the remote node 52, with modifieddata, if any, being written back to the home node 52. As noted above,such Flush commands are typically issued by a memory controller 64 inthe home node 52 in response to receipt of a RWITM request for a cacheline indicated in LMD 72 as “checked out” to one or more remote nodes52. In response to receipt of the Flush command, the node controller 52at the remote node 52 enqueues the Flush command in queues 57, and asshown at block 264, transmits the Flush command on its localinterconnect 58.

In response to snooping the Flush command, local memory controllers 64each provide a snoop response. As depicted at block 266, the memorycontroller 64 associated with the RMC 70 to which the target addressmaps (hereinafter referred to as the responsible memory controller)provides a snoop response (which may simply be a Null snoop response)indicating that the memory controller 64 is accepting coherencymanagement responsibility for the Flush command, and queues the Flushcommand in one of its queues 77. These snoop responses are combined bynode controller 56 to produce a “flush accepted” combined response(e.g., a Null combined response), which node controller 56 provides toall of the snoopers. Importantly, because the combined responseindicates that the responsible memory controller 64 has acceptedresponsibility for ensuring that the Flush command will be completed inthis remote node 52, the node controller 56 deallocates the queue 57allocated to the Flush command at block 268, thereby freeing thisresource for handling other operations.

Next, as depicted at block 270, the RMC controller 73 of the responsiblememory controller 64 determines by reference to the inclusivityinformation in its RMD 74 whether or not a valid copy of the cache lineassociated with the flush address is held in any local cache hierarchy62. If so, the process passes to block 272, which illustrates RMCcontroller 73 reissuing the Flush command on local interconnect 58 toforce the invalidation of the locally held copies of the cache lineassociated with the flush address. In response to snooping the Flushcommand, cache hierarchies 62 and other memory controllers 64 providesnoop responses. As discussed above, cache hierarchies 62 that do nothold a valid copy of the target cache line provide a Null snoopresponse, and cache hierarchies 62 that hold a copy of the target cacheline provide a Retry snoop response to Flush commands until the targetcache line is invalidated and modified data, if any, are written back tothe home node. These snoop responses are combined by response logic 63in the interface unit 65 associated with the responsible memorycontroller 64. As depicted at block 274, if the combined response is aRetry combined response, indicating that at least one cache hierarchy 62is still in the process of invalidating its copy of the target cacheline or writing back modified data to the home node 52, the processreturns to block 272, which has been described. However, if a Nullcombined response is received, indicating that the flush process iscomplete in the remote node 52, the process proceeds from block 274 toblock 275.

Block 275 illustrates RMC controller 73 determining by reference to RMD74 whether or not its associated RMC 70 holds a valid copy of the cacheline identified by the flush address. If not, the process proceeds toblock 276, which is described below. However, if RMC 70 holds a validcopy of the target cache line of the Flush command, RMC controller 73invalidates the target cache line in RMC 70 and writes back modifieddata, if any, to system memory in the home node 52, as shown at block277.

The process then proceeds from block 277 to block 276, which depicts RMCcontroller 73 issuing a Flush_Ack operation on local interconnect 58 toindicate local completion of the flush operation and deallocating thequeue 77 allocated to handling the Flush command. As shown at block 278,node controller 56 briefly queues the Flush_Ack operation and forwardsit to the home node 52 to indicate to the home node's memory controller64 that the flush operation has been completed at the remote node 52.Thereafter, the process shown in FIG. 11 terminates at block 280.

As demonstrated by the process illustrated in FIG. 11, the presentinvention increases the number of global coherency management operationsthat can be serviced concurrently while permitting simplification of thenode controller design by moving responsibility for global coherencymanagement from the node controller to the memory controllers. Thisimplementation not only permits a large number of concurrent coherencymaintenance operations to be supported, given the large pool of queuesprovided by RMC controllers 73, but also scales as the number ofprocessing units 54 increases, thereby addressing a potentialperformance bottleneck.

Distributed Global Coherency Management

The present invention not only promotes decentralized coherencymanagement by memory controllers rather than centralized coherencymanagement by a node controller, but also distributes responsibility forglobal coherency management for selected operations among multiplecontrollers to promote efficient utilization of queue resources.

In prior art NUMA computer systems, such as NUMA computer system 8 ofFIG. 1, a coherency management queue 32 within the node controller 24 ofthe home node is allocated to a read-type request (e.g., READ or RWITM)from the time that the request is received from a remote node until therequested cache line has been successfully received by the remote node.The node controller must maintain the queue allocation for this entireduration because the node controller 24 cannot permit a Flush operationtargeting the same cache line to be issued from the home node until thetarget cache line of the previous request has been delivered to theremote node. In other words, to maintain global coherency in prior artNUMA computer systems, the home node's node controller is responsiblefor strictly ordering data delivery to a remote node in response to afirst request and a Flush operation due to a subsequent request, andmust therefore maintain the allocation of a queue to the first requestuntil the requested data are successfully delivered to the remote node.

The present invention improves upon the prior art coherency managementtechniques described above by implementing a special command(hereinafter referred to as the Numafy command) that transfersresponsibility for global coherency management between controllers,thereby eliminating the ordering and queuing requirements that hamperperformance of prior art NUMA computer systems. A timing diagram of anexemplary use of the Numafy command of the present invention is depictedin FIG. 12.

With reference now to FIG. 12, there is illustrated a time-space diagramthat depicts operations on the local interconnects of a remote node anda home node of NUMA computer system 50 that are utilized to service aread-type request by the remote node. The illustrated process employsthe innovative read-reissue method discussed above with reference toFIG. 5.

As illustrated, the process begins when a cache controller 156 of alower level cache 132 in a remote node 52 (designated as Node 1 in FIG.12) issues a read-type request, in this case a RWITM request 300, on itslocal interconnect 58 in order to obtain exclusive access to a cacheline for which another node is the home node 52. As discussed above,cache controller 156 issues RWITM request 300 in response to a CPU storerequest missing in its cache directory 140. Within RWITM request 300,NCQ field 126 is initially set to 0 so that the local node controller 56does not queue RWITM request 300 until a determination is made thatRWITM request 300 cannot be serviced locally. The RWITM request is alsoenqueued in one of the request queues 134 of cache controller 156.

In response to snooping RWITM request 300, the snoopers (i.e., cachecontrollers 156, memory controllers 64, and node controller 56) coupledto local interconnect 58 provide snoop responses 302, which are combinedby response logic 63 in the interface unit 65 that sourced RWITM request300 to produce a combined response 304 provided to all snoopers. Theexemplary operating scenario shown in FIG. 12 assumes that combinedresponse 304 indicates that no snooper within Node 1 is able to provideexclusive access to the target cache line and the target address ofRWITM request 300 is a remote address. In response to combined response304, any other local cache hierarchy 62 or RMC 70 having a shared copyof the target cache line begins the process of invalidating its copy ofthe target cache line, and cache controller 156 reissues a RWITM request306 having the NCQ field 126 set to 1. The snoopers coupled to localinterconnect 58 respond to reissued RWITM request 306 by providing snoopresponses 308, which are combined to form a second combined response310.

As discussed above with respect to FIG. 5, node controller 56 of Node 1forwards the RWITM request to Node 2 (i.e., the home node of the targetcache line) for servicing and indicates that the request has beenforwarded by providing an Node Controller Acknowledge to cache 132 viacombined response 310. Upon receiving combined response 310, cachecontroller 156 sets a local flag 136 (see FIG. 4) associated with thequeued RWITM request. Local flag 136 indicates that this cache 132 hasacquired local ownership of the target cache line and will therefore“protect” its ownership of the target cache line from other localrequesters, if any, that subsequently request the cache line duringprotection window TO by providing Retry snoop responses to suchrequests. However, if cache controller 156 snoops a Flush operation fromthe home node, cache controller 156 will ignore the Flush operationsince cache 132 does not yet have a valid copy of the target cache lineor global ownership of the target cache line. At this point, cachecontroller 156 is waiting to receive from the home node (1) the targetcache line and (2) a Numafy command indicating that global ownership ofthe target cache line has been granted. Depending upon dynamic operatingconditions, cache controller 156 can receive the target cache line andthe Numafy command in any order.

As depicted, in response to receipt of the RWITM request via nodeinterconnect 55, node controller 56 of Node 2 issues a correspondingRWITM request 320 on the local interconnect 58 of Node 2. Snooperswithin Node 2 provide appropriate snoop responses 322, which arecombined by node controller 56 to form a combined response 324indicating that RWITM request 320 will be serviced by the memorycontroller 64 associated with the system memory address space 68 inwhich the target cache line data resides. Once the memory controller 64accepts RWITM request 320 and the system memory controller 71 of thatmemory controller 64 queues RWITM request 320 within its coherencymanagement queue 79, the system memory controller 71 issues a Flushcommand 330 to each remote node 52 other than Node 1, if any, that LMD72 indicates holds a copy of the target cache line. In addition, systemmemory controller 71 issues an address-only Numafy command 326 to Node1, and dispatches a memory read queue to supply the requested data toNode 1. If LMD 72 indicates the target cache line does not need to beflushed back from a remote node 52, the read of system memory addressspace 68 can begin immediately, and the target cache line data 332 maybe supplied to Node 1 before Numafy command 326 is issued.

Once Numafy command 326 is issued, any required flush operations arecomplete, and the system memory read operation is initiated, systemmemory controller 71 considers the RWITM request 320 to be serviced andcan then reallocate the coherency management queue 79 assigned to RWITMrequest 320 to a subsequent request even though Node 1 may not yet havereceived the target cache line data. Thus, in accordance with thepresent invention and in contrast to the prior art, the grant of globalownership of a cache line and the delivery of the cache line data 332are decoupled.

In response to receiving the address-only Numafy command via nodeinterconnect 55, node controller 56 of Node 1 issues an address-onlyNumafy command 340 on local interconnect 58. When requesting cachecontroller 156 of Node 1 snoops address-only Numafy command 340, cachecontroller 156 sets the global flag 138 associated with the RWITMrequest. A set global flag 138 indicates that requesting cache 132 hasreceived global ownership of the target cache line and therefore mustnow protect the target cache line during a second protection window T1not only from other local requesters, but also from any Flush or Cleancommands from the home node. Thus, during protection window T1, whichcloses when requesting cache controller 156 completes servicing theRWITM request, requesting cache controller 156 must give a Retry snoopresponse to any Flush, Clean or other similar operation received eitherlocally or from the home node (i.e., Node 2).

Once requesting cache controller 156 has received the target cache linedata 342, cache controller 156 services the pending CPU store requestand updates the coherency state of the target cache line in its cachedirectory 140 to a modified coherency state. At this point, servicing ofthe RWITM request is complete, and cache controller 156 resets bothlocal flag 136 and global flag 138. Subsequently, cache controller 156will not provide a Retry snoop response to Flush or Clean commandstargeting the target cache line, but will instead honor such requests by“pushing” the modified data back to the home node and, for Flushcommands, invalidating its copy of the cache line.

Thus, FIG. 12 illustrates a methodology for distributing globalcoherency management between controllers within a NUMA computer systemthat promotes more efficient utilization of the coherency managementqueues of the system memory controller by separating responsibility forsystem-wide coherency management from delivery of requested data. As aresult, queue resources in the system memory controller are allocated toa request for only as long as the system memory controller is involvedin servicing the request and are thereafter available for servicingother requests significantly earlier than in prior art systems (i.e., aduration of at least the latency of node interconnect 55, which can be2000 cycles or more). As a result fewer coherency management queues arerequired to support a given level of performance.

LMD Data Ownership History

When a system memory controller 71 receives a RWITM request from aremote node as illustrated in FIG. 12, the system memory controller 71must grant exclusive system-wide ownership of the target cache line tothe requesting node in order to service the RWITM request. However, whensystem memory controller 71 receives a READ request for a target cacheline, system memory controller 71 can grant either shared ownership orexclusive ownership of the target cache line.

In prior art NUMA computer systems such as that illustrated in FIG. 1,exclusive ownership is generally not granted by the home node inresponse to a READ request from a remote node if LMD 26 indicates thatthe target cache line is “checked out” to any remote node 10. In thismanner, needless invalidation of shared copies of the target cache lineat remote node(s) is avoided. However, when LMD 26 indicates that thetarget cache line is not “checked out” to a remote node 10, twodifferent implementations have been employed.

In the first prior art implementation, the home node always grantsnon-exclusive ownership of the target cache line to a remote node inresponse to a READ request. Although this implementation does not causeneedless invalidation of remotely held copies of the target cache line,large latencies for subsequent store operations targeting the same cacheline can result because the remote node that issued the READ requestmust then issue a RWITM request to obtain exclusive access to the targetcache line. Store instructions targeting remote data can thus be subjectto long latencies (e.g., 2000 cycles or more).

According to a second prior art implementation, the performance penaltyfor a store instruction is eliminated by always granting exclusiveownership of a target cache line to a remote node in response to READrequest if LMD 26 indicates that the target cache line is not “checkedout” to a remote node. However, this second implementation can also beproblematical because the home node must always issue a Clean operation(i.e., an operation that forces the writeback of the cache line, ifmodified, but not its invalidation) to the remote node having exclusiveownership in response to a subsequent READ request by a second remotenode regardless of whether or not the first remote node has actuallymodified the cache line. Thus, in many cases, the subsequent READrequest will be needlessly delayed until the Clean operation iscomplete.

The present invention addresses the shortcomings in the prior art bymaintaining per-node history information for each LMD entry, where thehistory information indicates whether to grant exclusive ornon-exclusive ownership of the associated cache line in response to aREAD request by a remote node. For example, in a preferred embodimentshown in FIG. 13, each directory entry 360 in LMDs 72 includes bothper-node coherency state information 362 and per-node historyinformation 364.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that per-node historyinformation 364 can be updated by system memory controllers 71 accordingto any of a large number of suitable methods. FIG. 14 illustrates astate diagram of one presently preferred method of updating historyinformation 364. In the depicted embodiment, system memory controller 71maintains a 2-bit history indication for each remote node, giving fourpossible states designated in FIG. 14 as history states A, B, C, and D.System memory controller 71 updates the history state of a remote node52 in response to each read-type request (e.g., READ or RWITM) receivedfrom that remote node 52. When a remote node 52 issues a READ requestfor a cache line of data resident in the associated system memoryaddress space 68, system memory controller 71 determines whether togrant non-exclusive or exclusive ownership of the line by reference tothe history state for that cache line and remote node. The type ofownership granted by system memory controller 71 can be indicated, forexample, by an Exclusive flag in the Numafy command utilized to grantownership.

As shown in FIG. 14, system memory controller 71 initializes the historystate for each remote node 52 in each directory entry 360 of LMD 72 tohistory state A. Thereafter, as indicated by the transition from state Ato state B and the loop at state B, system memory controller 71 grantsnon-exclusive ownership of a cache line to a remote node 52 until thatremote node 52 obtains exclusive ownership of the cache line by issuinga RWITM request.

In response to receipt of a RWITM request, system memory controller 71grants exclusive ownership of the target cache line and updates thehistory state for the requesting remote node from any of possiblehistory states A-D to state C. As indicated by the possible transitionsbetween states C and D and states D and B, system memory controller 71thereafter grants exclusive ownership of the cache line in response toup to two sequential READ requests by the same remote node 52. If athird sequential READ request is received from the same remote node forthe same cache line, system memory controller 71 grants onlynon-exclusive ownership until the remote node again issues a RWITMrequest for the cache line.

By utilizing per-node history state information to determine whether togrant exclusive or non-exclusive ownership of a target cache line ofREAD request from a remote node, unnecessary latency associated withsubsequent store instructions within the same remote node or a READrequest by other remote node is greatly reduced as compared to the priorart. Consequently, overall performance of NUMA computer system 50 isimproved.

Data and Instruction Prefetching

In prior art NUMA computer systems, such as NUMA computer system 8 ofFIG. 1, data and instruction prefetch requests are initiated by a CPU'sprefetch engine and then issued on the local interconnect by the cachecontroller of CPU's lowest level in-line cache, one READ request foreach cache line to be prefetched. For deep prefetching algorithms, thisconventional prefetching technique requires the cache controller to beequipped with a large number of read queues. In large multiprocessorsystems, the cost of these resources is, of course, multiplied by thenumber of CPU chips and can therefore form a significant component oftotal system cost.

Depending on the source of the prefetch data (e.g., local system memoryversus system memory in another node), read queues allocated to prefetchrequests can remain active (busy) for long periods. Obviously, from aperformance standpoint, it is undesirable to delay servicing demand readrequests because all of the read queues have been allocated to prefetchrequests. To address contention for read queues between demand readrequests and prefetch read requests, it is possible to create a separateset of prefetch read queues; however, doing so can create additionalexpense and complexity and does not reduce the duration for which queuesallocated to prefetch read requests remain busy.

The present invention that addresses the foregoing shortcomings in theprior art by introducing an improved prefetching technique in whichprefetch operations are spawned by memory controllers rather than cachecontrollers. According to the present invention, when an initial demanddata load or instruction fetch is issued by the requesting processingunit, prefetch hint information is appended to the READ operation. Thishint information can include, for example, a number of cache lines toprefetch and a stride between cache lines. In response to receipt of theread, the memory controller sources the demanded data or instructionsand then, using the prefetch hints, optionally sources prefetch data tothe requesting processing unit using WRITE operations.

Referring now to FIG. 15A, there is illustrated a high level logicalflowchart of an exemplary method by which a cache controller 156 of alower level cache 132 issues a demand READ request having an appendedprefetch hint in accordance with the prefetching technique of thepresent invention. As illustrated, the process begins at block 380 andthereafter remains at block 382 until cache controller 156 receives aload request from its associated CPU 60. In response to receipt of aload request, cache controller 156 determines at block 384 whether ornot the load request hits in its cache directory 140. If so, cachecontroller 156 reads the requested data from data storage 130 andsupplies the requested data to the CPU 60, as shown at block 386. Theprocess thereafter returns to block 382.

Returning to block 384, in response to cache controller 156 determiningthat the load request misses in cache directory 140, cache controllerbuilds a READ request based upon the load request and appends to orincludes within the READ request the prefetch hint, if any, contained inthe prefetch request, as shown at blocks 390 and 392. As illustrated inFIG. 6, the prefetch hint may be communicated in a prefetch field 128 inthe READ request and may specify a number of cache lines to beprefetched and an address stride between the prefetch cache lines. Cachecontroller 156 then allocates a request queue 134 to the READ request,issues the READ request on its local interconnect 58 as depicted atblock 394, and thereafter waits for return of the demanded data asillustrated at block 396. As described above with respect to FIG. 6, theREAD request preferably includes a source tag field 119 identifying theissuing cache controller 156 or its processing unit 54.

As shown at block 398, when the demanded cache line that is the targetof the READ request is received, cache controller 156 stores the cacheline within data storage 130, updates cache directory 140, deallocatesthe request queue 134 allocated to the READ request and provides thedata requested by the load request to the associated CPU 60. Thereafter,the process illustrated in FIG. 15A returns to block 382, which has beendescribed.

With reference now to FIG. 15B, there is depicted a high level logicalflowchart of an exemplary method by which a memory controller 64responds to a READ request including a prefetch hint in accordance withthe present invention. As illustrated, the process begins at block 400and thereafter iterates at block 402 until memory controller 64, andmore particularly system memory controller 71, receives a READ request,such as that issued at block 394 of FIG. 15A. In response to receipt ofa READ request, the process proceeds to block 404, which illustratessystem memory controller 71 determining by reference to LMD 72 whetheror not the target cache line of the READ request is held exclusively bya remote node 52. If not, the process proceeds directly to block 408.However, if LMD 72 indicates that the target cache line is heldexclusively remotely, system memory controller 71 flushes the cache linefrom the remote node, preferably according to the process discussedabove with respect to FIG. 11.

Next, at block 408, system memory controller 71 reads the target cacheline from the associated system memory address space 68 and sources therequested cache line to the requesting cache 132. In addition, asillustrated at block 410, system memory controller 71 determines whetheror not the READ request contains a prefetch hint in its prefetch field128. If not, servicing of the READ request is complete, and the processreturns to block 402, which has been described. However, if the READrequest contains a prefetch hint in its prefetch field 128, systemmemory controller 71 determines at block 412 whether one of its queues79 that may be allocated to prefetch requests is available or whetherall such prefetch queues are busy. If all queues that may be allocatedto prefetch requests are busy, system memory controller 71 ignores theprefetch hint, and the process returns to block 402. Thus, servicing ofprefetch requests by system memory controller 71 is preferablyimprecise, in that system memory controller 71 has the option ofproviding prefetch data but does not retry the READ request if theprefetch hint is ignored.

Returning to block 412, assuming that one of queues 79 is available forallocation to a prefetch request, the process proceeds to block 414,which illustrates system memory controller 71 allocating a prefetchqueue among queues 79 to service the prefetch request. As depicted atblocks 416 and 418, system memory controller 71 then reads one or morecache lines of prefetch data specified by the prefetch hint in prefetchfield 128 from the associated system memory address space 68 andtransmits them to the requesting cache 132. Importantly, each cache lineis transmitted to the requesting cache 132 in a prefetch WRITE operationsimilar to that illustrated in FIG. 9 rather than as read data, therebyeliminating the use of read queues for managing prefetch requests. Toensure correct routing of the prefetch WRITE operation, system memorycontroller 71 places the contents of the source tag field 119 of theREAD request in the destination tag field 242 of the address portion ofthe WRITE operation. After transmitting the cache lines of prefetch datato the requesting cache hierarchy 62, system memory controller 71deallocates the prefetch queue allocated from among queues 79, and theprocess returns to block 402.

Referring now to FIG. 15C, there is illustrated a high level logicalflowchart of an exemplary method by which a requesting cache handles asnooped prefetch WRITE operation in accordance with the presentinvention. As shown, the process begins at block 430 and thereafteriterates at block 432 until a lowest level cache 132 within one of cachehierarchies 62 snoops a prefetch WRITE operation on its localinterconnect 58. In response to snooping a prefetch WRITE operation onlocal interconnect 58, cache controller 156 of cache 132 examines thedestination tag filed 242 of the prefetch WRITE operation to determinewhether or not it is a target of the prefetch WRITE operation. If not,the process terminates and returns to block 432.

Returning to block 434, if the destination tag field 242 indicates thatcache 132 is the target of the snooped prefetch WRITE operation, cachecontroller 156 determines whether or not one of its snoop queues 135(see FIG. 4) is available for allocation to the prefetch WRITEoperation. If all of snoop queues 135 that may be assigned to prefetchWRITE operations are busy, the process terminates and returns to block432, indicating that cache controller 156 does not accept the prefetchdata or issue a Retry snoop response if no snoop queue 135 is available.However, if one of snoop queues 135 is available for allocation to theprefetch WRITE operation, cache controller 156 allocates one of snoopqueues 135 to the prefetch WRITE operation, as shown at block 438, andthen awaits delivery of the cache line of prefetch data, as illustratedat block 440. Then, in response to receipt of the cache line of prefetchdata, cache controller 156 stores the prefetch data into data storage130 and updates cache directory 140 appropriately. Thereafter, cachecontroller 156 deallocates the snoop queue 135 allocated to the prefetchWRITE operation, and the process returns to block 432, which has beendescribed.

The method of prefetching illustrated in FIGS. 15A-15C provides a numberof advantages over the prior art. First, the prefetch methodology of thepresent invention reduces overall system queue expense by eliminatingprefetch read queues in the requesting processing unit. The concomitantaddition of memory controller queues to handle prefetch WRITE operationsis generally less costly and requires fewer queues than providing queuesin every lower level cache. Second, because prefetching is implementedwith imprecise operations, if either the memory controller or the cachecontroller is busy, prefetch hints can safely be ignored. As a result,bus traffic due to prefetch operations being reissued in response toRetry responses is eliminated. Third, in the present invention queuesare more efficiently utilized because the requesting cache controller'ssnoop queues allocated to service the prefetch WRITE operations are busyfor a much shorter duration than the prefetch read queues employed inthe prior art. In other words, unlike the prefetch read queues of theprior art, which must stay active from issuance of the prefetch READrequest until receipt of the requested prefetch data from system memory,in the present invention a cache controller's snoop queue does not getallocated until a prefetch WRITE operation is snooped.

Conclusion

As has been described, the present invention provides a NUMA computersystem and method of operation having improved data storage, queuing andcommunication efficiency. While the invention has been particularlyshown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will beunderstood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form anddetail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scopeof the invention. For example, although a number of enhancements to aNUMA architecture have been presented herein in combination, it shouldbe appreciated that the enhancements may each be implementedindependently or in subcombinations.

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-uniform memory access (NUMA) computersystem, comprising: a remote node and a home node coupled by a nodeinterconnect, wherein said home node includes a home system memory andsaid remote node includes: a local interconnect; a node controller,coupled between said local interconnect and said node interconnect, thattransmits requests between said remote node and said home node; and aprocessing unit and at least one cache coupled to said localinterconnect, wherein said processing unit first issues on said localinterconnect a read-type request targeting data resident in said homesystem memory with a flag in said read-type request set to a first stateto indicate only local servicing of said read-type request and,responsive to inability to service said read-type request locally insaid remote node, said processing unit reissues said read-type requestwith said flag set to a second state to instruct said node controller totransmit said read-type request to said home node.
 2. The NUMA computersystem of claim 1, wherein said processing unit sets said flag to saidsecond state in response to receipt of a combined response to saidread-type request indicating an inability to service said read-typerequest in said remote node.
 3. The NUMA computer system of claim 1,said node controller comprising a plurality of queues, wherein said nodecontroller allocates a queue for said read-type requests only if saidflag is set to said second state.
 4. The NUMA computer system of claim1, wherein said read-type request comprises a read-with-intent-to-modify(RWITM) request.
 5. The NUMA computer system of claim 1, wherein saidnode controller transmits said read-type request to said home node priorto receipt of a combined response for said reissued read-type request.6. A processing unit for use in a remote node of a non-uniform memoryaccess (NUMA) computer system having a home node coupled to the remotenode by a node interconnect, said home node including a home systemmemory and said remote node including a local interconnect and a nodecontroller coupled between the local interconnect and the nodeinterconnect, said processing unit comprising: execution resources; anda cache coupled to said execution resources, said cache including acache controller that, responsive to receipt of a data request by saidexecution resources, first issues on the local interconnect a read-typerequest targeting data resident in said home system memory with a flagin said read-type request set to a first state to indicate only localservicing of said read-type request and, responsive to inability toservice said read-type request locally in said remote node, reissuessaid read-type request with said flag set to a second state to instructsaid node controller to transmit said read-type request to said homenode.
 7. The processing unit of claim 6, wherein said cache controllersets said flag to said second state in response to receipt of a combinedresponse to said read-type request indicating an inability to servicesaid read-type request in said remote node.
 8. The processing unit ofclaim 6, wherein said second state of said flag in said read-typerequest instructs said node controller to queue said read-type request.9. The processing unit of claim 6, wherein said read-type requestcomprises a read-with-intent-to-modify (RWITM) request.
 10. A node of aNUMA computer system, comprising: a processing unit according to claim6; and a local interconnect coupled to said processing unit; and a nodecontroller coupled to said local interconnect and to a nodeinterconnect.
 11. A method of operating a non-uniform memory access(NUMA) computer system including a remote node and a home node coupledby a node interconnect, wherein said home node contains a home systemmemory, said method comprising: issuing on a local interconnect of saidremote node a read-type request targeting data resident in said homesystem memory, said read-type request including a flag set to a firststate to indicate only local servicing of said read-type request; and inresponse to inability to service said read-type request locally in saidremote node, reissuing said read-type request with said flag set to asecond state to instruct a node controller of said remote node totransmit said read-type request to said home node.
 12. The method ofclaim 11, wherein reissuing said read-type request comprises reissuingsaid read-type request with said flag set to said second state inresponse to receipt of a combined response to said read-type requestindicating an inability to service said read-type request in said remotenode.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the node controller of theremote node includes a plurality of queues, said method furthercomprising said node controller allocating a queue for said read-typerequest only in response to said flag being set to said second state.14. The method of claim 11, wherein issuing a read-type requestcomprises issuing a read-with-intent-to-modify (RWITM) request.
 15. Themethod of claim 11, and further comprising said node controllertransmitting said read-type request to said home node prior to receiptof a combined response for said reissued read-type request.